Adjective Clauses

At a certain point in your writing in English, you should be able to identify every sentence you write as simple, compound, or complex. Two additional structures, adjective clauses and appositives, will give you a much greater sentence variety within which to accomplish your writing objectives. This page contains a small amount of information about adjective clauses along with just ten very difficult exercises. First, we will define what adjective clauses are and how they work.
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It is possible to combine the following two sentences to form one sentence containing an adjective clause:
The children are going to visit the museum.They are on the bus.
The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. adjective clause
In the sentence above, there are two other ways to write the sentence correctly using the second sentence as the adjective clause.
The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum.The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.
Some other sentences can be combined into a sentence using adjective clauses in a variety of ways, and they are all correct. Note the variety of ways in which the following two sentences can be combined.
The church is old.My grandparents were married there.
The church where my grandparents were married is old.The church in which my grandparents were married is old.The church which my grandparents were married in is old.The church that my grandparents were married in is old.The church my grandparents were married in is old.
In the sentences above, the adjective clauses are underlined. All answers are correct. Note the use of the word "in" and how and where it is used.
IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT PUNCTUATION
Managing simple, compound, and complex sentences, and then adding adjective clauses into the mix can result in some confusing situations regarding punctuation. There are some specific rules when punctuation is permissible or required around adjective clauses (when the information in the adjective clause is non-essential information); however, in my composition classes, I insist that students NOT use commas around adjective clauses for several reasons.
First, non-essential information should generally be avoided in academic writing, at least in the short essays required for these composition classes. Thus, not including the commas will more often be right than wrong.
Second, my Spanish speaking students have a natural tendency to write long sentences using many commas inappropriately. By not using commas around adjective clauses, students can perhaps more readily recognize when a period is required.
Third, I believe it is easier to learn to apply commas later when they are required than the other way around. Indiscriminate use of commas is a hard habit to undo in my experience. Therefore do not use commas around adjective clauses, at least for one semester.
Are you ready to take the quiz?
This quiz is very difficult. These sentences are actually the hardest I could find (in the sense that you need to know ALL the rules in order to get them all correct), so please follow the directions carefully.
1. Do not use commas in any of the completed sentences.2. Make adjective clauses of the second sentence in every case. (Obviously, any of these sentences could be written using the first sentence as the adjective clause; however, making adjective clauses of the second sentence is harder because it requires knowledge of all the "rules" of writing adjective clauses.)3. Spell correctly! This quiz is "graded" by computer, so any spelling mistake or punctuation error, like forgetting a period at the end of a sentence, will be counted wrong.
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Data Pribadi
Nama : Guntur Mahardika
Jenis kelamin : Laki-laki
Tempat, tanggal lahir : Bogor, 08 Oktober 1986
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Depok, 10 Maret 2010

Guntur Mahardika

VERBS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE PS-23 Revised Summer 2008 1 Verbs are in active voice when their subjects perform the action and in passive voice when their subjects receive the action.
Conditions to Create the Passive Voice
The following conditions create the passive voice. 1. The action of the verb is received by the subject. 2. The verb is made up of a form of the verb to be: be, being, been, is, are, was, were. 3. The past participle form of the verb is used. 4. Frequently, a prepositional phrase beginning with the word "by" is used after the verb. 1 2 3 4 EXAMPLE: The ball was thrown by John . In the example, the numbered items illustrate the conditions that create the passive voice. 1. The ball is receiving the action of being thrown. 2. "Was" is a form of the verb "to be." 3. "Thrown" is the past participial tense of throw. 4. The sentence contains the prepositional phrase, "by John." To change the passive to the active voice: 1. Provide a subject. A direct object can be used as a subject. If the sentence uses the "by" prepositional phrase, the subject may be in the prepositional phrase. If no subject is specified, a subject may be provided that would logically perform the stated action. 2. Change the past participle tense of the verb to the past tense. EXERCISE 1: The four conditions of passive voice listed at the top of this page are written in passive voice. Rewrite the four conditions by changing the passive voice to the active voice.

VERBS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE PS-23 Revised Summer 2008 2 EXERCISE 2: Rewrite the following sentences by changing the passive voice to active voice. Remember that you might have to supply a subject. Although your answers might vary from those listed at the end of the packet, your sentence should contain a subject that is doing the action of the verb. 1. The Director of Technology was asked to present the quality award to the staff of the Production Department. 2. Snow had been forecast to begin around noon; however, sand was spread on the roads by the snow trucks beginning at dawn. 3. For a cleaner environment, it is recommended that all plastic bottles be recycled. 4. The carpet was to be replaced by the landlord, but it was cleaned instead. 5. An intranet network has been implemented in most large corporations for internal communications. EXERCISE 3: Rewrite the following sentences by changing the active voice to passive voice. 1. The accountant slammed the folder on the table and angrily confronted his client. 2. Entrepreneurs make money from the ideas of inventors. 3. Television should not portray scenes of brutal killings. 4. My grandfather built hand-made rocking chairs. 5. Alexander the Great founded nineteen cities named Alexandria

VERBS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE PS-23 Revised Summer 2008 3 SHIFTS IN VOICE A shift in voice means that the subject of the sentence performs the action (active voice) in one part of the sentence, but receives the action (passive voice) in another part of the sentence. Frequently a sentence containing a shift in voice is confusing. Additionally, the sentence "sounds funny," while appearing to be grammatically correct. If you think a sentence does not sound right, but cannot find an error, check for voice shift. VOICE SHIFT: When students study their homework assignments, good grades are made on tests. "When students study their homework assignments" is in active voice. ". . .good grades can be made on tests" is in passive voice. ACTIVE VOICE: When students study their homework assignments, they makegood grades on tests. EXERCISE 4: Rewrite the following sentences in active voice to eliminate the voice shifts. Then, rewrite them in passive voice to observe the change in tone. 1. At the dinner party they were entertained by a comedian and ate a gourmet meal. 2. The ancient Egyptians created the tradition of wearing a ring on the bride's fourth finger and makeup was worn. 3. Every accountant learns that "net worth = assets - liabilities," but the formula has been lived by the new business owner. 4. The employees were terminated by the company, and profitability improved.
5. Susan submitted her application, interviewed for the position, and was employed by the advertising agency.

VERBS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE PS-23 Revised Summer 2008 4 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES Exercise 1: 1. The subject receives the action of the verb. 2. A form of the verb "to be" makes up the verb. 3. The sentence uses the pat participle form of the verb. (Note that you had to supply a subject.) 4. The sentence contains a prepositional phrase that begins with the word "by." Exercise 2: Active Voice 1. The Production Manager asked the Director of Technology to present the quality award to the Production Department staff. (You may have supplied a different subject.) 2. Even though the weather bureau predicted that the snow would begin around noon, the snow trucks began spreading sand on the roads at dawn. (Subject supplied and however changed to even though.) 3. For a cleaner environment, the Solid Waste Departmentrecommends that all plastic bottles be recycled. 4. The landlord cleaned the carpet, although he was supposed to replace it. 5. Most large corporations have implemented an intranet network to internal communications. Exercise 3: Passive Voice 1. The client was confronted by the accountant who angrily slammed the folder on the table. 2. Money can be made by entrepreneurs who use the ideas of inventors. 3. Brutal killings should not be portrayed on television. 4. Hand-made rocking chairs were built by my grandfather.
5. Nineteen cities named Alexandria were founded by Alexander the Great.

VERBS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE PS-23 Revised Summer 2008 5 Exercise 4: Correcting Voice Shift (A=Active; P=Passive) 1. A=At the dinner party a comedian entertained them, and they ate a gourmet meal. P=At the dinner party they were entertained by a comedian and served a gourmet meal. 2. A=The ancient Egyptians created the tradition of wearing makeup and a ring on the bride's fourth finger. P=The tradition of wearing makeup and a ring on the bride's fourth finger was created by the Egyptians. 3. A=Every accountant learns that "net worth = assets - liabilities," but the new business owner lives the formula. P=Every accountant has been taught that "net worth = assets - liabilities," but the formula has been lived by the new business owner. 4. A=The company terminated the employees and profitability improved. P=The employees were terminated by the company, and profitability was improved. 5. A=Susan submitted her application, interviewed for the position, and the advertising agency employed her. P=Susan's application was submitted, she was interviewed for the position, and was employed by the advertising agency.
Example:
active verbs dalam kalimat:
- I write a letter.
- He is buying a car.
- I keep the butter in the fridge.
- They stole the painting.
- The executive committee approved the new policy.

passive verbs dalam kalimat:
- A letter is written by me.
- A car is being bought by him.
- The butter is kept in the fridge.
- The painting was stolen.
- The new policy was approved by the executive committee.
From: http://www.fccj.edu/campuses/kent/campus_resources/learning_cntr_labs/lc_handouts/english/Parts%20of%20Speech%20(PS)/Verbs%20-%20Active%20and%20Passive%20Voice%20%20PS-23.pdf

Conditional Sentence

English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis.
===Factual/predictive conditions===
In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition the truth of which is unverified. The verb in the condition clause is in the past tense (with a past tense interpretation) or in the present tense (with a present or future tense interpretation). The result clause can be in the past, present, or future. Generally, conditional sentences of this group are in two groups, the "zero conditional" and the potential or indicative conditional, often called "first conditional" or "conditional 1". This class includes universal statements (both clauses in the present, or both clauses in the past) and predictions.
The "zero" conditional is formed with both clauses in the present tense. This construction is similar across many languages. It is used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law of science, etc.:
If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils.
If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry.
If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.
It is different from true conditionals because the introductory "if" can be replaced by "when" or "whenever" (e.g., "When you heat water..."), which cannot be done for true conditionals.
The potential or indicative conditional, often referred to as the "first conditional" or "conditional 1", is used more generally to express a hypothetical condition that is potentially true, but not yet verified. The conditional clause is in the present or past tense and refers to a state or event in the past. The result can be in the past, present, or future. Some examples with the condition clause in the past tense:
If she took that flight yesterday, she arrived at 10pm.
If she took that flight yesterday, she is somewhere in town today.
If she took that flight yesterday, we'll see her tomorrow.
A condition clause (protasis) in the present tense refers to a future event, a current event which may be true or untrue, or an event which could be verified in the future. The result can be in the past, present, or future:
If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.
If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.
If it's raining now, there will be mushrooms to pick next week.
If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.
If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed.
If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.
If I become President, I'll lower taxes.
Certain modal auxiliary verbs (mainly will, may, might, and could) are not usually used in the condition clause (protasis) in English:
*If it will rain this afternoon, …
*If it may have rained yesterday, …
There are exceptions, however, in which will is used exactly as in the first example, namely when the action in the if clause takes place after that in the main clause:
(The weather forecast says it's going to rain.) Well, if it will rain, we must take umbrellas.
If aspirins will cure it, I'll [I will] take a couple tonight instead of this horrible medicine.[1]
Other situations in which will can be used in an if clause include when will is not being used as an auxiliary verb, in other words when it is being used modally to express willingness, persistence, or a wish:
If you'll [you will] just hold the door open for me a moment, I can take this table out to the kitchen.
If you will keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches.
If you will excuse me, I think I will slip into something more comfortable.[2][3]
In colloquial English, the imperative is sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: e.g. "go eastwards a mile and you'll see it" means "if you go eastwards a mile, you will see it".''''Bold text' 'Bold text
[edit] Hypothetical (counterfactual) conditions
In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition that is known to be false, or presented as unlikely. The result clause contains a conditional verb form consisting of would (or could, should, might) plus a main verb in the base form (infinitive without to).
The contrary-to-fact present conditional, often referred to as the "second conditional" or "conditional 2", is used to refer to a current state or event that is known to be false or improbable. The past subjunctive (or in colloquial English, simply the past tense) must be used:
If she were [colloq. was] at work today, she would know how to deal with this client.
If I were [colloq. was] the king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon.
The same structure can be used to refer to a future state or event:
If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
If he said that to me, I would run away.
In many cases, when referring to future events, the difference between a realis and irrealis conditional is very slight:
(realis) If you leave now, you can still catch your train.
(irrealis) If you left now, you could still catch your train.
The contrary-to-fact past conditional (sometime referred to as the "third" conditional) is used to refer to contrary-to-fact past events. The pluperfect (or past perfect) is used in the condition clause.
If you had called me, I would have come.
If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
Some varieties of English regularly use would (often shortened to (I)'d) and would have (often shortened to (I)'d have) in counterfactual condition clauses, but this is often considered non-standard: If you'd leave now, you'd be on time. / If you (would)'ve told me, we could've done something about it. Such use of would is widespread especially in spoken US English in all sectors of society, but these forms are not usually used in more formal writing. Nevertheless, some reliable sources simply label this usage as acceptable US English and no longer label it as colloquial.[4][5]
There are exceptions, however, where would is used in British English too in seemingly counterfactual conditions, but these can usually be interpreted as a modal use of would: If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something.[6][7] In cases in which the action in the if clause takes place after that in the main clause, use of would in counterfactual conditions is however considered standard and correct usage in even formal UK and US usage: If it would make Bill happy, I'd [I would] give him the money.[8]
Should can appear in the condition clause to refer to a future event presented as possible, but unlikely, undesirable, or otherwise "remote": If I should die before I wake, …, If you should ever find yourself in such a situation, …
[edit] Construction of conditional sentences in English
In English, there are three coinditional sentence formulas. They are:
The first formula indicates the possible outcome of an event that is likely to occur: If + Present Simple/Present Progressive + Present Simple/Present Progressive/Future Simple/Future Progressive/Imperative
The second formula indicates the possible outcome of an event that is less likely to occur:
If + Present Perfect/Present Perfect Progressive/Preterite/Past Continuous + Conditional Present/Conditional Present Progressive
(In British and Canadian English: If + Imperfect Subjunctive + Conditional Present/Conditional Present Progressive)
The third formula indicates the possible outcome of an event that did not occur, and is therefore a missed opportunity: If + Pluperfect/Pluperfect Progressive + Conditional Perfect/Conditional Perfect Progressive
It is possible to reverse the order of the clauses, however, the protasis must always follow the word "If" (Eg. "If + I miss the bus, + I will be late for school" can be adjusted to: "I will be late for school + if + I miss the bus.)
[edit] The semantics of conditional sentences
The material conditional operator used in logic (i.e.) is sometimes read aloud in the form of a conditional sentence (i.e. "if p, then q"), the intuitive interpretation of conditional statements in natural language does not always correspond to the definition of this mathematical operator. Modelling the meaning of real conditional statements requires the definition of an indicative conditional, and contrary-to-fact statements require a counterfactual conditional operator, formalized in modal logic.
[edit] Conditional sentences in Latin
Conditional sentences in Latin are traditionally classified into three categories, based on grammatical structure.
simple conditions (factual or logical implications)
present tense [if present indicative then indicative]
past tense [if perfect/imperfect indicative then indicative]
future conditions
"future more vivid" [if future indicative then future indicative]
"future less vivid" [if present subjunctive then present subjunctive]
contrafactual conditions
"present contrary-to-fact" [if imperfect subjunctive then imperfect subjunctive]
"past contrary-to-fact" [if pluperfect subjunctive then pluperfect subjunctive]
[edit] Conditional sentences in French
Si + Présent de l'indicatif + Présent de l'indicatif/Futur simple de l'indicatif/Présent de l'impératif
Si + Imparfait de l'indicatif + Présent du conditionnel
Si + Plus-que-parfait de l'indicatif + Passé du conditionnel
[edit] Conditional sentences in Italian
Italian includes the subjunctive in the second and third formulas, and does not allow the present to mix with the future in the first formula:
Se + Presente dell'indicativo
Se + Furuto semplice dell'indicativo + Futuro semplice dell'indicativo
Se + Imperfetto del congiuntivo (subjunctive) + Presente del condizionale
Se + Trapassato (Pluperfect) del conguintivo + Passato del condizionale

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence